A log10 transformation was applied, and only data that originated from single living cells were kept for further analysis

A log10 transformation was applied, and only data that originated from single living cells were kept for further analysis. within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Abstract Differentiation of B cells is usually a stringently controlled multi-step process, which is still incompletely comprehended. Here we identify and characterize a rare population of human B cells, which surprisingly carry CD8AB on their surface. Presence of such cells was exhibited both in tonsils and in human apheresis material. Gene expression profiling and real time PCR detected however no CD8A or CD8B message in these cells. Instead, we found that surface CD8 was hijacked from activated CD8+ T cells by a transfer process that required direct cell-to-cell contact. A focused transcriptome analysis at single cell level allowed the dissection of the CD8 positive B cell populace. We found that the affected cells are characteristically of the CD27+CD200- phenotype, and consist of two discrete late-stage subpopulations that carry signatures of activated memory B like cells, and early plasmablasts. Thus, there is only a restricted time windows in the differentiation process during which B Ppia cells can intimately interact with CD8+ T cells. The findings point to a novel link between the T and B arms of the adaptive immune system, and suggest that CD8+ T cells have the capability to directly shape the global antibody repertoire. Introduction Upon antigen encounter, naive B cells undergo a strictly controlled maturation and selection process before they eventually turn into plasma cells with high antibody secretion capabilities. Most of the crucial steps occur in germinal centers (GCs) of secondary lymphoid organs (examined in [1,2], where their fate is usually primarily determined Benznidazole by interactions with two cell types, (a) follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), which serve as antigen reservoir and are the major antigen presenting cells starting the affinity maturation process, and (b) germinal center T cells, that provide cognate help to B cells, mainly via the CD40-CD40L pathway. A third type of cells, CD4+ T follicular helper cells (TFHs) are then required to total the differentiation of B cells, and to instruct them to leave to GC area [3]. Besides physical cell-to-cell interactions, all these cells also release cytokines that are responsible for maintaining the GC environment, regulate recruitment and release of cells, and shape the response. On the other hand, contribution of other GC associated cells, in particular CD8+ T cells, to B cell differentiation remains largely unmapped. B cells that successfully total selection and maturation programs become either antibody secreting plasma blasts / plasma cells, or become memory B cells that assurance fast responses upon a rechallenge with their cognate antigen. The sequence of developmental actions have been mapped using surface markers and gene expression signatures with increasing resolution, and resulted in a thorough understanding of the discrete stages of cellular development [4]. An important finding that emerged from these studies was that especially memory B cells are more a collection of different subpopulations, rather than a phenotypically and functionally homogenous cell type. Besides the classical memory B cells that are transporting the canonical memory marker CD27, numerous reports recognized a number of non-classical memory-like subsets that often lack CD27, but can be distinguished for example by increased expression of negative transmission modulators, such as FCRL4 and FCRL5 [5], or in contrast, by decreased expression of positive regulators like CD21 [6]. Age and ongoing or past infections, may also leave scars behind that additionally complicate the precise classification of late stage B cells [7]. However, the differentiation processes take place primarily in restricted compartments, such as tonsils and lymph nodes, and under normal circumstances, the affected cells can not be observed in the periphery. We analyzed leukapheresis material obtained from normal donors of hematopoietic precursor cells, Benznidazole which offers a unique opportunity to observe rare or hidden immune cell types [8,9]. Donors Benznidazole usually undergo a G-CSF and anti-CXCR4 treatment, which causes redistribution and mobilization Benznidazole of all varieties of lympho-hematopoietic cell types at any stages between precursor and fully mature forms including plasma cells, from your bone marrow, secondary lymphoid organs, and Benznidazole even peripheral tissues [10]. We have.